Domestic Social Policy
woman
Background
female employment expanded by at least a third reason: - contraception, the better-educated female population
导致woman policy的原因：
经济困难+缺少男性工作者
A surplus of 1.8million marriageable women
the growth of mass-production techniques requiring more unskilled workers
女性lower salary
birth rate=帝国强盛
the Great Depression: 把工作留给男性
Policy
‘Kinder, Küche, Kirche’ (‘children, kitchen and Church’)
- To have more children and to take responsibility for bringing them up
- To care for the house and their husbands
- To stop paid employment except for very specialist vocations such as midwifery
Party pressure and financial inducements
women were portrayed as primarily the mothers of the next generation - anti-feminism
Reduce the number of women in work: - Debarred from jobs in medicine, law and the higher ranks of the civil service - Female teachers and university students reduced
women: 37% in 1932 → 31% in 1937 in employment force
==Marriage loans==: every child gets part of the loan from June 1933 interest-free loans of 600RM → young women withdrew from the labour market in order to get married)
Maternity benefits: - ==Family allowances==: >6 children, reduce income tax - The anti-abortion law - Contraceptive device and facilities were restricted
an extensive propaganda campaign - glorified motherhood and the large family; the Honour Cross of the German Mother in bronze, silver and gold, awarded for four, six and eight children, respectively.
==Lebensborn==: Nazi social engineering set up by Himmler and the SS - initially, provided homes for unmarried mothers of the increasing number of illegitimate children who were seen as racially correct - later the institution also made the necessary arrangements for girls to be ‘impregnated’ by members of the SS in organised brothels
1933-1939 increase in birth rate; divorce rate ↑
压制妇女，但是经济需要劳动力，则需要女性。目的和
an increasing shortage of labour, make women back to work
1937 5.7m → 1939 7.1m, 31% → 33%
Organization
The only employment opportunities: the various Nazi women’s organisations (the National Socialist Womanhood - NSF, the German Women’s Enterprise - DFW) - tools for the propagation of the anti-feminist ideology by means of cultural, educational and social programmes
Education
Purpose
to indoctrinate its youth so completely in the principles and ethos of National Socialism that the long-term survival of the ‘New Order’ would never be brought into question
Policy
Traditional structure of the educational system + various Nazi youth movements
organizations: 1934, the ==Reich Ministry of Education, Culture and Science== led by Reich Minister Bernhard Rust
The teaching profession itself was ‘==reconditioned==’ politically unreliable individuals removed, Jewish teachers banned women returned to the home special training course for teachers the National Socialist Teachers’ League: 1937, 97% Nazi ideology
The curricula and syllabuses were adapted: - 15% of school time: physical education, game teachers - an increased status: German, Biology and History ↑ Religious Studies ↓ - German language and literature to create ‘a consciousness of being German’, and to inculcate a martial and nationalistic spirit
- Biology: racial theory - ethnic classification, population policy and racial genetics - History: the glories of German nationalism
One final innovation was the creation of various types of élite schools for future political leadership modelled on the principles of the Hitler Youth, and focused on physical training, paramilitary activities and political education
Effect
21 Naploas(National Political Educational Institutions) + 10 Adolf Hitler Schools - for boys of secondary school age the three Ordensburgen for boys of college age
Hitler Youth (HJ, Hitler Jugend) 1% before 1933 -> 6 years, the structure and membership of the HJ grew remarkably (by 1939 compulsory)
A great stress on political indoctrination, emphasising the life and achievements of the Führer, German patriotism, athletics and camping.
endless physical and military-type activities domestic and maternal tasks
Achievement
==1936, 32% the teaching profession, members of the Party > 17% of the Reich Civil Service== The anti-academic ethos and the crude indoctrination alienated many Traditional academic subjects had fallen - the various élite schools, physical development predominated 1938, recruitment of teachers - 2500/8000 come out of the teacher training colleges In higher education: students halved even before the war The emphasis on teamwork and extracurricular activities better than many European countries The provision for sports, camping and music genuinely excited many youngsters - and for those from poorer backgrounds - offer opportunities
Failure
The organisation suffered from its over-rapid expansion and the leadership was inadequate. Difficult to run the movement effectively The increasing Nazi emphasis on military drill and discipline was certainly resented by many adolescents.
Religion
Background
Christian: 2/3 Protestant, 1/3 Catholic, well-established and powerful institutions 25-points programme: ‘positive Christianity’ - racial and national views A fundamentally anti-Christian philosophy glorified strength, violence and war / love, forgiveness and neighbourly respect the product of an inferior race
The German Faith Movement (a teutonic paganism, Alfred Rosenberg) the propagation of the ‘==Blood and Soil==’ ideology the replacement of Christian ceremonies – marriage and baptism – by pagan equivalents the wholesale rejection of Christian ethics – closely linked to racial and nationalist views the cult of Hitler’s personality adopted a cautious conciliatory stance towards both the Churches
Conciliation and conflict 1933-5 conciliation: Hitler’s speech encouraged the SA to attend Protestant Church services the ‘==Day of Potsdam==’ - a unity Catholic bishops frightened of the possible Kulturkampf - a Concordat in July 1933 freedom property and legal rights education in return, the Catholic Church would not interfere in politics and would give diplomatic recognition to the Nazi government. A false sense of security while the dictatorship was being established
confrontation ‘co-ordinate’: the German Christians - reconcile their Protestant ideas with Nazi nationalist and racial thinking by finding common ground a new church constitution, July 1933, Ludwig Müller, the first Reich Bishop opposition group: the Confessional Church, Pastor Niemöller - rejected Nazi distortions, 1934, 7000 → 17,000
Churches and state 1935-45 Achieved only limited success A kind of war of attrition The Ministry of Church Affairs, Hanns Kerrl closure of Church schools undermining of Catholic youth groups personal campaigns to discredit and harass the clergy confiscation of Church funds campaign to remove crucifixes from schools arrest of more and more pastors and priests Opposition from both Protestants and Catholics Niemöller, interned in 1937, various concentration camps The Pope, Pius XI, With Burning Concern The persecution intensified anti-Christian enthusiasts monasteries were closed, Church property was attacked and Church activities were severely restricted did not allow subordination of the Churches to give way to wholesale suppression within Germany / Poland, an experimental example of the ‘New Order’
Asocials (LGBTQ+)
cover anyone whose behaviour was not viewed as acceptable included alcoholics, prostitutes, criminals, tramps and the workshy. those asocials who were ‘orderly’, but avoided work were rounded up and organised into a compulsory labour force those who were judged as ‘disorderly’ were imprisoned and sometimes sterilised or experimented on homosexuals in 1936 the ==Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion== was established between 10,000 and 15,000 were killed
Race/disable
The ‘==Biologically Inferior==’:‘inferior’ or sub-human, such as the Gypsies, Slavs and Jews, mentally and physically disabled July 1933 the Nazis proclaimed ‘==The Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring==’ the compulsory sterilisation hereditary conditions: schizophrenia, Huntington’s chorea, hereditary blindness or deafness… ==350,000 killed== went much further from 1939, when Hitler himself initiated the idea of using euthanasia for children with severe disabilities (Down’s syndrome and cerebral palsy…), ‘Operation T4’ (asylums) ==70,000 killed==